- Original Article
- Published:
Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin V: effects of steam pretreatment
Journal of Wood Science volume 52, pages 389–394 (2006)
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of steam pre-treatment for making highly compressed phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin-impregnated wood at a low pressing pressure. Sawn veneers of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) were first subjected to saturated steam at different steaming temperatures (140°-200°C), followed by impregnation with a 20% low molecular weight PF resin aqueous solution resulting in a weight gain of around 50%-55%. Four oven-dried treated veneers were laminated and compressed up to a pressing pressure of 1 MPa at a pressing temperature of 150°C and pressing speed of 5 mm/min, and the pressure was held for 30 min. Steam treatment, causing partial hydrolysis of hemicellulose, accelerated the compressibility of Japanese cedar in the PF resin-swollen condition. As a consequence, a discernible increment in density was achieved at a pressing pressure of 1 MPa due to steam pretreatment between 140° and 200°C for 10 min. It was also found that even a short steaming time such as 2 min at 160°C is sufficient for obtaining appreciable compression of PF resin-impregnated wood. The density, Young’s modulus, and bending strength of steam-treated (200°C for 10 min) PF resin-impregnated wood composite reached 1.09 g/cm3, 20 GPa, and 207MPa, respectively. In contrast, the values of untreated PF resin-impregnated wood composite were 0.87 g/cm3, 13 GPa, and 170MPa, respectively.
References
Stamm AJ (1964) Wood and cellulose science. Ronald, New York, pp 343–358
Stamm AJ, Bachelor RH (1960) Decay resistance and dimensional stability of five modified woods. Forest Prod J 10:22–26
Shams MI, Yano H, Endou K (2004) Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin I. Effects of pressing pressure and pressure holding. J Wood Sci 50:337–342
Shams MI, Yano H (2004) Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin II. Effects of processing parameters. J Wood Sci 50:343–350
Shams MI, Yano H, Endou K (2005) Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin III. Effects of sodium chlorite treatment. J Wood Sci 51:234–238
Shams MI, Kagemori N, Yano H (2006) Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin IV: species dependency. J Wood Sci 52:179–183
Hsu WE, Schwald W, Schwald J, Shields A (1988) Chemical and physical changes required for producing dimensionally stable wood-based composites. Part 1. Steam pretreatment. Wood Sci Technol 22:281–289
Inoue M, Norimoto M, Tanahahi M, Rowell RM (1993) Steam or heat fixation of compressed wood. Wood Fiber Sci 25:224–235
Sekino N, Inoue M, Irle M, Adcock T (1999) The mechanisms behind the improved dimensional stability of particleboards made from steam-pretreated particles. Holzforschung 53:435–440
Inoue M, Sekino N, Morooka T, Norimoto M (1996) Dimensional stabilization of wood composites by steaming. Part 1. Fixation of compressed wood by pre-steaming. Proceedings of the 3rd Pacific Rim Bio-based Composites Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, pp 240–248
Irle M, Adcock T, Sekino N (1998) The rheological behavior and dimensional stability of steam pretreated particles. Proceedings of the 2nd European Panel Products Symposium, Llandudno, UK, pp 24–29
Dwianto W, Morooka T, Norimoto M, Kitajima T (1999) Stress relaxation of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) wood in radial compression under high temperature steam. Holzforschung 53: 541–546
Goring DAI (1963) Thermal softening of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. Pulp Pap Canada 64:517–527
Lawther JM, Sun R, Banks WB (1996) Effect of steam treatment on the chemical composition of wheat straw. Holzforschung 50:365–371
Higashihara T, Morooka T, Hirosawa S, Norimoto M (2004) The relationship between change of chemical components and permanent fixation of compressed wood by steaming or heating (in Japanese). Mokuzai Gakkaishi 50:159–167
Tanahashi M, Tamabuchi K, Goto T, Aoki T, Karina M, Higuchi T (1988) Characterization of steam-exploded wood II: chemical changes of wood components by steam explosion. Wood Res 75:1–12
Widyorini R, Xu J, Watanabe T, Kawai S (2005) Chemical changes in steam-pressed kenaf core binderless particleboard. J Wood Sci 51:26–32
Yilgor N, Unsal O, Kartal SN (2001) Physical, mechanical and chemical properties of steamed beech wood. Forest Prod J 51:89–93
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shams, M.I., Morooka, T. & Yano, H. Compressive deformation of wood impregnated with low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin V: effects of steam pretreatment. J Wood Sci 52, 389–394 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-005-0787-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-005-0787-7