Skip to main content
Journal of Wood Science

Official Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society

Download PDF
  • Original Article
  • Published:

Micromorphology and topochemistry of extractives in Scots pine and Norway spruce thermomechanical pulps: a cytochemical approach

Journal of Wood Science volume 54, pages 134–142 (2008)Cite this article

Abstract

Due to the increasing demand for Norway spruce as prime raw material for high-yield pulping, recent interest has focused on Scots pine as an alternative. However, the intrinsic properties of Scots pine, particularly the high amounts of extractives and the fiber properties, have been considered a disadvantage for thermomechanical pulping. A study was therefore conducted on the variations in the spatial distribution and redistribution of lipophilic extractives in spruce and pine wood and thermomechanical pulp (TMP) using cytochemical staining methods and chemical analysis. Chemical analyses showed chips from pine thinnings and sawmill slabs to contain three to five and two to three times, respectively, more extractives than found in spruce; in particular, the amount of triglycerides differed significantly. Results from staining techniques on the abundance and distribution of extractives (i.e., fats) between pine and spruce correlated with amounts detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. Cytochemical observations revealed information pertaining to species-specific distribution and redistribution of extractives among TMP fines and fibers and indicated the presence of a molecular film of extractives. Results indicate that the high concentrations of extractives in pine ray parenchyma are released during TMP processing and are redistributed onto the surfaces of the pulps, negatively affecting energy usage during primary refining.

References

  1. Lindstrom C, Bovin A, Falk B, Lindahl A (1977) Scots pine as raw material in thermomechanical pulping. Proceedings of the EUCEPA International Mechanical Pulping Conference, Helsinki, Finland, pp 4:1–4:19

  2. Harkonen EJ, Heikkurinen AM, Nederstrom R (1989) Comparison between different species of softwood as TMP raw material. Proceedings of the International Mechanical Pulping Conference, Helsinki, Finland, pp 390–397

  3. Reme PA, Helle T (2001) On the difference in response to refining between Norway spruce and Scots pine. Pap Puu 83:58–61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Strand LP, Brill JW (1986) Pine can give usable mechanical pulp. Skogindustri 40:61–64

    Google Scholar 

  5. Edlund P (2000) TMP production using extracted chips with low content of extractives (in Swedish). Department of Chemistry and Process Technology, Mid-Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden, FSCN report R-00-09 (available on request)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Johansson L (2000) Fibre development in thermomechanical pulping of Norway spruce and Scots pine. Proceedings of the 3rd Fundamental Mechanical Pulping Seminar, Helsinki, Finland pp 32–35

  7. Sundberg AB, Holmbom B, Willfor S, Pranovich A (2000) Weakening of paper strength by wood resin. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 15:46–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Kokkonen P, Korpela A, Sundberg A, Holmbom B (2002) Effects of different types of lipophilic extractives on paper properties. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 17:382–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Heum JR, Gregersen OW, Johansson L (2005) Effects of extractives on TMP refining and pulp properties. Proceedings of the International Mechanical Pulping Conference, Oslo, Norway, pp 137–142

  10. Ekman R, Holmbom B (2000) The chemistry of wood resin. In: Back EL, Allen LH (eds) Pitch control, wood resin and deresination. TAPPI, Atlanta, USA, pp 37–76

    Google Scholar 

  11. Back EL (2000) The locations and morphology of resin com-ponents in the wood. In: Back EL, Allen LH (eds) Pitch control, wood resin and deresination. TAPPI, Atlanta, USA, pp 1–35

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cisneros HA, Drummond JG (1995) Release of resins during mechanical pulping. 81st Annual Meeting Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association: Preprints B, Montreal, Canada, pp B97–B103

  13. Allen LH (1975) Pitch in wood pulps. Pulp Pap 76:T139–T145

    Google Scholar 

  14. Franzen R (1986) General and selective upgrading of mechanical pulps. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 1:4–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Back EL, Allen LH (2000) Pitch control, wood resin and deresination. TAPPI, Atlanta, USA, pp 307–328, 343–362

    Google Scholar 

  16. Fernando D, Daniel G, Liden J (2005) The state and spatial distribution of extractives during birch kraft pulping, as evaluated by staining techniques. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 20:383–391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hafren J (2006) Proteins in Norway spruce thermomechanical pulp. J Wood Sci 53:143–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hausalo T (1995) Analysis of wood and pulp carbohydrates by anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Helsinki, Finland, vol 3, pp 131–136

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Fengel D, Wegener G (1984) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp 26–127

    Google Scholar 

  20. Persson E, Sundstrom I, Xu E (2005) Differences between Norway spruce and Scots pine with respect to refining response and content of extractives. Proceedings of the International Mechanical Pulping Conference, Oslo, Norway, pp 143–148

  21. Garoff N (2001) The influence of lipophilic compounds on the friction between paper surfaces. Licentiate Thesis, Department of Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology, KTH, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  22. Dorado J, van Beek TA, Claassen FW, Sierra-Alvarez R (2001) Degradation of lipophilic wood extractive constituents in Pinus sylvestris by the white-rot fungi Bjerkandera sp. and Trametes versicolor. Wood Sci Technol 35:117–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Garoff NS, Jernberg S, Nilvebrant NO, Fellers C, Backstrom M (1999) The influence of wood extractives on paper-to-paper friction. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 14:320–329

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Back EL (1991) Paper-to-paper and paper-to-metal friction. Proceedings of the International Paper Physics Conference, Kona, Hawaii, pp 49–65

  25. Svensson B, Nystrom S, Gradin P, Bergfors E, Hoglund H (2003) Tribology under refining conditions: initial studies servo motor. Proceedings of the International Mechanical Pulping Conference, Quebec, Canada, pp 233–237

  26. Jensen WA (1962) Botanical histochemistry. Freeman, San Francisco, USA, pp 256–269

    Google Scholar 

  27. Koljonen K, Stenius P, Buchert J (1997) The surface chemistry of PGW pulp fibre fractions. Proceedings of the International Mechanical Pulping Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, pp 407–411

  28. Ekman R, Eckerman C, Holmbom B (1990) Studies on the behavior of extractives in mechanical pulp suspensions. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 5:96–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Johansson L-S, Campbell J, Koljonen K, Kleen M, Buchert J (2004) On surface distributions in natural cellulosic fibers. Surf Interface Anal 36:706–710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kleen M, Kangas H, Laine C (2003) Chemical characterization of mechanical pulp fines and fibre surface layers. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 18:361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Johansson L-S (2002) Monitoring fibre surfaces with XPS in papermaking processes. Mikrochim Acta 138:217–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kangas H, Kleen M (2004) Surface chemical and morphological properties of mechanical pulp fines. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 19: 191–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Koljonen K, Osterberg M, Stenius P (2001) Surface chemistry and morphology of mechanical pulp fibres. Proceedings of the International Mechanical Pulping Conference, Helsinki, Finland, vol 2, pp 305–314

    Google Scholar 

  34. Wood JR, Grondin M, Karnis A (1990) Characterization of mechanical pulp fines with a small hydrocyclone. Part I: the principle and nature of the separation. 76th Annual Meeting of the Technical Section, Canadian Pulp and Paper Association: Preprints B, Montreal, Canada, pp 137–142

  35. Brandal J, Lindheim A (1966) The influence of extractives in groundwood pulp on fibre bonding. Pulp Pap 67:T431–T435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Garoff N (2002) The friction between paper surfaces. Doctoral Thesis, Department of Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology, KTH, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  37. Rundlof M, Sjolund AK, Strom H, Asell I, Wagberg L (2000) The effect of dissolved and colloidal substances released from TMP on the properties of TMP fines. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 15:256–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wood Ultrastructure Research Centre (WURC), Department of Wood Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7008, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden

    Dinesh Fernando, Jonas Hafrén & Geoffrey Daniel

  2. Falun Research Centre, Stora Enso Research, S-791 80, Falun, Sweden

    Jan Gustafsson

Authors
  1. Dinesh Fernando
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jonas Hafrén
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jan Gustafsson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Geoffrey Daniel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dinesh Fernando.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Fernando, D., Hafrén, J., Gustafsson, J. et al. Micromorphology and topochemistry of extractives in Scots pine and Norway spruce thermomechanical pulps: a cytochemical approach. J Wood Sci 54, 134–142 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-007-0917-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-007-0917-5

Key words