- Original Article
- Published:
Load-carrying capacity of steel-to-timber joints with a pretensioned bolt
Journal of Wood Science volume 54, pages 362–368 (2008)
Abstract
Previous experimental studies reported that bolt pretensioning greatly increases the initial stiffness and load-carrying capacity of bolted joints. It is also a matter of great importance to structural designers to understand the effect of pretension on the load-carrying capacities of bolted joints, and this study presents an extended yield model that considers the fastener’s pretension force. In the extended yield model, the load-carrying capacity was defined as the load at a slip of 15 mm. The ultimate fastener bending angle at the yielded cross section equivalent to this joint slip, which was affected by the fastener’s axial force, was iteratively evaluated in numerical analyses. The introduction of bolt pretensioning largely increased the joint slip resistance at initial loading, but it decreased the ultimate fastener bending angle. This decrease of fastener bending angle resulted in a relatively low stiffness hardening (or secondary stiffness), which is caused by secondary axial forces associated with embedment of steel plates into the wood member. Prediction was verified by the tests of 36 steel-to-timber joints under three different pretension forces and two loading directions relative to the grain. Some of the observed load-carrying capacities of the joints, particularly in loading perpendicular to the grain, however, were not as high as those expected by the numerical analyses considering the given pretension forces.
References
Ritter MA, Wacker JP (1995) Field performance of stress-laminated timber bridge on low-volume roads. Proceeding of International Conference on Low-Volume Roads, 25–29 June, Minneapolis, vol 2, pp 347–356
Wipf TJ, Ritter MA, Wood DL (1999) Dynamic evaluation and testing of timber highway bridges. Proceedings of Pacific Timber Engineering Conference, 14–18 March, Rotorua, vol 3, pp 333–340
Quenneville JHP, Dalen KV (1991) The enhanced performance of split-ring connections through prestressing. Can J Civ Eng 18: 830–838
Awaludin A, Hirai T, Toshiro T, Sasaki Y, Oikawa A (2007) Effects of pretension in bolts on hysteretic responses of moment-carrying timber joints. J Wood Sci 54:114–120
Schreyer AC (2002) Monotonic and cyclic behavior of slender dowel-type fasteners in wood-steel-wood connections. M.A.Sc. Thesis, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia
British Standards Institution (2004) BS EN 1995-1-1:2004, Eurocode 5 — design of timber structures — part 1-1: general-common rules and rules for buildings. London
Chang WS, Komatsu K, Hsu MF, Chen WJ (2007) On mechanical behavior of timber shear wall in Taiwan. J Wood Sci 53:17–23
European Committee for Standardization (1991) EN 26891: timber structure — joints made with mechanical fasteners: general principle for the determination of strength and deformation characteristics. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels
Blass HJ, Bienhaus A, Kramer V (2000) Effective bending capacity of dowel-type fasteners. Proceedings of the 33rd CIB-W18, Delft
Jorissen A, Blass HJ (1998) The fastener yield strength in bending. Proceedings of the 31st CIB-W18, Savonlinna
Hirai T (1991) Analysis of the lateral resistance of bolt joints and drift-pin joints in timber II: numerical analysis applying the theory of a beam on an elastic foundation (in Japanese). Mokuzai Gakkaishi 37:1017–1025
Kamachi K, Ando N, Inayama M (2006) New method to estimate the load-slip characteristics of the double-shear bolted timber-totimber joints. Proceedings of World Conference on Timber Engineering, August 6–10, Oregon
Nishiyama N, Ando N (2003) Analysis of load-slip characteristics of nailed wood joints: application of a two-dimensional geometric nonlinear analysis. J Wood Sci 49:505–512
Hirai T, Tsujino T, Sasaki Y (2006) Steel washers on timber. Proceedings of World Conference on Timber Engineering, August 6–10, Oregon
Manrique RE (1969) Stress relaxation of wood at several levels of strain. J Wood Sci Technol 3:49–73
Foschi RO (1974) Load-slip characteristics of nails. J Wood Sci 7:69–74
Prion H, Foschi R (1994) Cyclic behaviour of dowel type connections. Proceedings of Pacific Timber Engineering Conference, 11–15 July, Gold Coast
American Association of State Highway Officials (1991) Guide specifi cations for the design of stress-laminated wood decks. American Association of State Highway Officials, Washington DC
Architecture Institute of Japan (2006) Standard for structural design of timber structures. Architecture Institute of Japan, Tokyo, pp 13–14, p 400
American Society for Testing and Materials (1994) Standard test methods for bolted connection in wood and wood-base products. ASTM section D07.05.02, Draft 8, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia
American Society of Civil Engineers (1997) National design and specification for timber construction of US. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Awaludin, A., Hirai, T., Hayashikawa, T. et al. Load-carrying capacity of steel-to-timber joints with a pretensioned bolt. J Wood Sci 54, 362–368 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-008-0962-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-008-0962-8