Skip to main content

Official Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society

  • Original Article
  • Published:

Seawater exposure effect on the fracture toughness of low-density woods/GRP sandwich systems

Abstract

The effect of seawater exposure on the fracture toughness of balsa (Ochroma pyramidale L.) and end-grain balsa cores that are widely used in small-craft constructive members has been investigated experimentally in this study. The interfacial fracture toughness was determined using mode I cracked sandwich beam (CSB) tests. Additionally, the same tests were performed for poplar (Populus tremula L.), easily available because of its natural distribution along the coast of Turkey and more cost-effective than balsa and its derivatives, to see if it is a proper alternative. It was found that balsa and poplar cores that can be classified as low-density cores have much lower fracture toughness values than end-grain balsa cores. Additionally, there was a positive effect of seawater exposure on their fracture toughness as opposed to that of the end-grain core. From the aspect of fracture toughness, the poplar core can be considered much more reliable than the balsa core where delamination loads occur.

References

  1. Saporito J (1989) Sandwich structures on Aerospatiale helicopters. In: Proceedings, 34th International SAMPE Symposium and Exhibition, Nevada, USA, pp 824–838

  2. Scudamore RJ, Cantwell WJ (2002) The effect of moisture and loading rate on the interfacial fracture properties of sandwich structures. Polym Comp 23:406–417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Puccini G (1993) Environmental aspect. In: Shenoi RA, Wellicome JF (eds) Composite materials in marine structures, vol 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  4. Liyu W, Thenyou L, Guangye Z (2003) Wood fracture pattern during the water absorption process. Holzforschung 57:639–643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kolat K, Neser G, Ozes C (2007) The effect of sea water exposure on the interfacial fracture of some sandwich systems in marine use. Compos Struct 78:11–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Papanicolaou GC, Bakos D (1996) Interlaminar fracture behaviour of sandwich structures. Compos Part A Appl S 27A:165–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Carlsson LA, Sendlein LS, Merry SL (1991) Characterization of face sheet/core shear fracture of composite sandwich beams. J Compos Mater 25:101–116

    Google Scholar 

  8. Carlsson LA, Prasad S (1993) Interfacial fracture of sandwich beams. Eng Fract Mech 44:581–590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Cantwell WJ, Davies P (1994) A test technique for assessing core-skin adhesion in composite sandwich structures. J Mater Sci Lett 13:203–205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wang J, Qiao P (2003) Fracture toughness of wood-wood and wood-FRP bonded interfaces under mode-II loading. J Compos Mater 37:875–897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Oner N, Aslan S (2002) Technological properties and possible uses of trembling poplar (Populus tremula L.) wood. Suleyman Demirel Univ Bull Fac For 1:135–146

    Google Scholar 

  12. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (2007) ASTM Standard D5528-01: standard test method for mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites. ASTM, Conshohocken, PA

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mall S, Law GE, Smith ST (1997) Loading rate effect on interlaminar fracture toughness of a thermoplastic composite. J Compos Mater 21:569–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Morel S, Mourot G, Schmittbuhl J (2003) Influence of the specimen geometry on R-curve behavior and roughening of fracture surface. Int J Fract 121:23–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Cantwell WJ, Scudamore R, Ratcliffe J, Davies P (1999) Interfacial fracture in sandwich laminates. Compos Sci Technol 59:2079–2085

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tan DM, Stanzl-Tschegg SE, Tschegg EK (1995) Models of wood fracture in mode I and mode II. Holz Roh-Werkstoff 53:159–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Jernskvist LO (2001) Fracture of wood under mixed mode loading II. Experimental investigation of Picea abies. Eng Fract Mech 68:565–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gökdeniz Neşer.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Neşer, G. Seawater exposure effect on the fracture toughness of low-density woods/GRP sandwich systems. J Wood Sci 56, 154–159 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-009-1084-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-009-1084-7

Key words