Skip to main content
Journal of Wood Science

Official Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society

Download PDF

Basic study on nondestructive evaluation of artificial deterioration of a wooden rafter by ultrasonic measurement

Journal of Wood Science volume 57, pages 387–394 (2011)Cite this article

Abstract

Most old buildings in Korea are wood framed and, with age, deterioration is found in all wood components of antique buildings. Insects and rapid changes in humidity are among the main causes of deterioration. To preserve antique wooden buildings, nondestructive testing (NDT) methods are required. Various methods of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) such as X-ray, stress wave, drilling resistance test, and ultrasound are used to inspect the safety of wooden antique buildings. The ultrasonic method is relatively simple, inexpensive, and accurate. The rafters are one of the main components of antique buildings and are seriously affected by deterioration. This study aimed to develop a nondestructive ultrasonic technique for evaluation of wooden rafter deterioration. Regression models describing the relationship between the artificial deterioration of the specimen and ultrasonic parameters were proposed. The method was found to be reliable for evaluating wooden rafter deterioration.

References

  1. Lee SJ, Kim KM, Lee JJ (2006) Application of the X-ray CT technique for NDE of wood in field. Key Eng Mater 321–323:1172–1176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Rui F, Lihong Q, Huawei C, Akio O, Hiroshi U, Katsuhiko S (2009) Application of a drill resistance technique for rapid determining wood density. Key Eng Mater 407–408:494–499

    Google Scholar 

  3. Gerhards CC (1980) Effect of cross grain on stress waves in lumber. RP-FPL-RP-368. Forest Product Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Madison, WI

    Book  Google Scholar 

  4. Bucur V (1998) Wood structural anisotropy estimated by acoustic invariants. IAWA Bull 9:67–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Armstrong JP, Patterson DW, Sneckenberger JE (1991) Comparison of three equations for predicting stress wave velocity as a function of grain angle. Wood Fiber Sci 23:32–43

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bucur V, Feeney F (1992) Attenuation of ultrasound in solid wood. Ultrasonics 30(2):76–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kabir MF (2001) Prediction of ultrasonic properties from grain angle. J Inst Wood Sci 15:235–246

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bucur V, Böhnke I (1994) Factors affecting ultrasonic measurements in solid wood. Ultrasonics 32:385–390

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Gerhards CC (1982) Longitudinal stress waves for lumber stress grading: factors affecting applications: state of the art. For Prod J 32:20–25

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kang H, Booker RE (2002) Variation of stress wave velocity with MC and temperature. Wood Sci Technol 36:41–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Niemz P, Kucera J, Schob M, Scheffer M (1999) Possibility of defect detection in wood with ultrasound. Holz Als Roh- Werkstoff 57(2):96–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Wilcox WW (1988) Detection of early stages of wood decay with ultrasonic pulse velocity. For Prod J 38:68–73

    Google Scholar 

  13. Han W, Birkeland R (1992) Log scanning through combination of ultrasonics and artificial intelligence. In: Proceedings, 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Wood, Vancouver, WA, pp 163–187

  14. Brashaw BK, Adams RR, Schafer ME, Ross RJ, Pattersen RC (2000) Detection of wet wood in green red oak lumber by ultrasound and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. In: Proceedings, 12th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Wood, Sopron, Hungary, pp 49–56

  15. Ross RJ, DeGroot RC, Nelson WJ, Lebow PK (1997) The relationship between stress wave transmission characteristics and the compressive strength of biologically degraded wood. For Prod J 47: 89–93

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ross RJ, Pellerin RF, Forsoman JF, Erickson JR, Lavinder JA (2001) Relationship between stress wave transmission time and compressive properties of timber removed from service. FPL-RN-280. Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Madison,WI

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hennon P, Woodward B, Lebow P (2007) Deterioration of wood from live and dead Alaska yellow-cedar in contact with soil. For Prod J 57:23–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Morrell JJ, Zabel RA (1985) Wood strength and weight loss caused by soft-rot fungi isolated from treated southern pine utility poles. Wood Fiber Sci 17:132–143

    Google Scholar 

  19. Blanchette RA, Nilsson T, Daniel G, Abad A (1990) Biological degradation of wood. In: Rowel RM, Barbour FJ (eds) Archaeological wood: properties, chemistry, and preservation. American Chemical Society, Washington. DC. Adv Chem Ser 225:141–174

  20. Eaton RA, Hale MDC (1993) Wood: decay pests and protection. Chapman & Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  21. Sandoz JL, Benoit Y, Demay L (2000) Wood testing using acoustoultrasonic technique. In: Proceedings, 12th International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing of Wood, University of Western Hungary, Sopron, pp 97–104

  22. Green DW (2001) Wood: strength and stiffness. In: Encyclopedia of materials: science and technology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 9732–9736

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Safety Measurement, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 1 Doryong-Dong, Yuseong-Gu Daejeon, 305-340, Korea

    Sangdae Lee & Ki-Bok Kim

  2. Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Korea

    Sang-Joon Lee, Jun-Jae Lee & Hwanmeyong Yeo

  3. Department of Gas Engineering, Kundong University, Andong, 760-833, Korea

    Jong Su Lee

Authors
  1. Sangdae Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sang-Joon Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jong Su Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ki-Bok Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jun-Jae Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hwanmeyong Yeo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ki-Bok Kim.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lee, S., Lee, SJ., Lee, J.S. et al. Basic study on nondestructive evaluation of artificial deterioration of a wooden rafter by ultrasonic measurement. J Wood Sci 57, 387–394 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-011-1186-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10086-011-1186-x

Key words

  • Nondestructive evaluation (NDE)
  • Rafter
  • Ultrasonic technique
  • Deterioration
  • Old wooden buildings