Table 1 Summary of veneer and PBWC properties after different modifications

C (%) by XPS

72.47

72.28

70.10

O (%) by XPS

27.53

27.22

27.70

Si (%) by XPS

–

–

2.20

Binding energy

 C1 (eV)

284.60

284.70

284.90

 C2 (eV)

286.20

286.30

286.40

 C3 (eV)

–

–

288

 Area C1 (%)

57.50

59.28

74.20

 Area C2 (%)

42.50

40.72

22.30

 Area C3 (%)

–

–

3.50

Shear strength (MPa)

0.44 (0.05)^a

0.96 (0.10)^b

1.89 (0.16)^c

 Wood failure (%)

2 (1.58)^a

6 (2.50)^a

95 (4.70)^b

 MOR (MPa)

73.34 (3.10)^b

52.74 (2.80)^a

72.20 (4.90)^b

 MOE (MPa)

7225 (196)^c

5730 (132)^a

6710 (257)^b

 WA (%)

86.99 (5.30)^c

59.12 (2.10)^a

62.24 (0.70)^b

E′ at 25 °C (MPa)

6294

7891

8239

E′ at 130 °C (MPa)

3613

2652

7034

E′ at 200 °C (MPa)

1855

1498

3251

Tanδ at 25 °C

0.04

0.03

0.04

Tanδ at 130 °C

0.20

0.18

0.06

Temp. (tanδ _max)

141

129

180