Table 2 Ultimate and proximate analyses and fuel properties of the invasive species compared with that of Acacia tortilis

Ultimate analysis

 Carbon (C)

45.81^C ± 0.3

45.69^C ± 0.1

49.91^A ± 0.1

46.64^B ± 0.2

 Hydrogen (H)

6.03^A ± 0.2

5.92^A ± 0.1

6.13^A ± 0.1

6.08^A ± 0.04

 Nitrogen (N)

0.31^B ± 0.1

0.14^C ± 0.1

0.75^A ± 0.1

0.38^B ± 0.1

 Oxygen (O)

44.59^B ± 0.3

46.06^A ± 0.2

41.68^C ± 0.2

44.95^B ± 0.2

Proximate analysis

 Moisture

3.49 ± 0.1

2.92 ± 0.1

3.06 ± 0.02

3.54 ± 0.1

 Ash

3.26^A ± 0.03

2.19^B ± 0.2

2.03^C ± 0.3

1.95^C ± 0.01

 Volatile matter

83.86^A ± 0.6

77.10^C ± 0.3

80.63^B ± 0.5

80.37^B ± 0.3

 Fixed carbon

9.39^C ± 0.7

17.79^A ± 0.3

14.28^B ± 0.7

14.14^B ± 0.3

 Fuel properties

 HHV (db, MJ/kg)

18.77^C ± 0.3

18.52^C ± 0.2

19.79^A ± 0.3

19.29^B ± 0.3

 HHV (daf, MJ/kg)

19.38^B ± 0.2

18.93^C ± 0.1

20.09^A ± 0.2

19.67^B ± 0.2

 FVI

554

825

1210

1521