Table 1 Elastic constants and ultimate strengths of Korean pine in various directions

Moduli of elasticity (MPa)

\({E_{\text{L}}}\)

8856.20 (9.66%)^a

\({E_{\text{R}}}\)

986.12 (4.64%)

\({E_{\text{T}}}\)

429.46 (5.88%)

\({E_{{\text{LR15}}}}\)

5114.40 (8.78%)

\({E_{{\text{LR30}}}}\)

2657.00 (4.73%)

\({E_{{\text{LR45}}}}\)

1685.98 (5.09%)

\({E_{{\text{LR60}}}}\)

1263.95 (9.37%)

\({E_{{\text{LR75}}}}\)

997.86 (5.76%)

\({E_{{\text{LT45}}}}\)

963.09 (5.11%)

\({E_{{\text{TR45}}}}\)

152.34 (14.60%)

Poisson’s ratios

\({\nu _{{\text{LR}}}}\)

0.433 (12.89%)

\({\nu _{{\text{LT}}}}\)

0.505 (14.92%)

\({\nu _{{\text{RT}}}}\)

0.651 (7.36%)

\({\nu _{{\text{RL}}}}\)

0.099 (9.01%)

\({\nu _{{\text{TL}}}}\)

0.043 (20.34%)

\({\nu _{{\text{TR}}}}\)

0.354 (11.14%)

\({\nu _{{\text{LR15}}}}\)

0.432 (10.94%)

\({\nu _{{\text{LR30}}}}\)

0.449 (9.57%)

\({\nu _{{\text{LR45}}}}\)

0.344 (12.40%)

\({\nu _{{\text{LR60}}}}\)

0.241 (9.96%)

\({\nu _{{\text{LR75}}}}\)

0.104 (20.08%)

\({\nu _{{\text{LT45}}}}\)

− 0.017 (− 440.10%)

\({\nu _{{\text{TR45}}}}\)

1.035 (18.87%)

Coefficients of mutual influence

–

–

–

\(\eta _{{xy,x}}^{{{\text{LR1}}5}}\)

− 1.716 (− 7.11%)

\(\eta _{{xy,x}}^{{{\text{LR}}30}}\)

− 1.132 (− 12.90%)

\(\eta _{{xy,x}}^{{{\text{LR}}45}}\)

− 0.609 (− 14.07%)

\(\eta _{{xy,x}}^{{{\text{LR}}60}}\)

− 0.464 (− 20.05%)

\(\eta _{{xy,x}}^{{{\text{LR}}75}}\)

− 0.649 (− 18.47%)

\(\eta _{{xy,x}}^{{{\text{LT}}45}}\)

− 1.097 (− 4.00%)

\(\eta _{{xy,x}}^{{{\text{TR}}45}}\)

0.117 (303.80%)

Shear moduli (MPa)

–

–

–

–

–

\({G_{{\text{LR}}}}\)

499.24 (5.09%)

–

–

\({G_{{\text{LT}}}}\)

450.41 (7.03%)

\({G_{{\text{TR}}}}\)

41.96 (9.33%)

Crushing strengths (MPa)

33.07 (9.03%)

4.18 (2.46%)

3.65 (6.53%)

27.04 (7.29%)

16.57 (8.81%)

9.26 (8.47%)

6.38 (9.40%)

4.44 (5.88%)

8.19 (8.76%)

2.71 (11.87%)

Tension strengths (MPa)

66.78 (13.41%)

3.69 (10.08%)

2.12 (13.06%)

29.98 (6.31%)

13.68 (9.52%)

7.77 (14.02%)

5.40 (13.58%)

4.79 (9.80%)

4.60 (11.36%)

2.29 (16.65%)