Table 1 Mechanical properties of individual materials

Air-dry density (g cm⁻³)

0.92 (3.95%)

0.9 (5.45%)

0.52 (6.66%)

Modulus of rupture (MPa)

82.56 (12.49%)

66.91 (10.61%)

55.35 (13.10%)

Bending modulus of elasticity (GPa)

10.25 (6.46%)

9.33 (5.07%)

11.50 (5.99%)

Tensile strength (MPa)

28.71 (9.87%)

34.72 (8.99%)

83.50 (10.23%)

Shear strength (MPa)

16.54 (10.66%) (shear through thickness)

12.87 (11.24%) (shear through thickness)

9.00 (12.03%) (shear parallel to grain)