Official Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society
Table 2 Comparison of properties of windmill palm fibers with other natural fibers
Natural fibers | Chemical composition (%) | Structural characterization | Tensile properties | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α-Cellulose | Hemicellulose | Lignin | Ash | MFA(°) | CrI (%) | Tensile modulus (GPa) | Tensile strength (MPa) | Failure strain (%) | |
Windmill palm (this study) | |||||||||
Inner layer | 35.5 | 22.5 | 36.4 | 1.4 | 38.8 ± 1.5 | 45.7 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 132.0 ± 27.8 | 17.6 ± 2.9 |
Middle layer | 34.3 | 24.7 | 36.8 | 3.9 | 39.2 ± 1.3 | 49.2 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 73.7 ± 17.2 | 10.5 ± 2.9 |
Outer layer | 34.7 | 25.3 | 38.3 | 1.1 | 39.4 ± 1.0 | 46.7 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 72.8 ± 21.2 | 10.0 ± 4.7 |
28.2 | 20.6 | 44.1 | – | 37.8–42.2 | 30.5–73 | 0.3–1.3 | 82.1–170.1 | 22.6–55.2 | |
Date palm [21] | 45 ± 3 | 28 ± 2 | 17 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 26.1 ± 14.2 | 41 ± 3 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 131 ± 34 | 20.9 ± 7.6 |
Oil palm [2] | 42.7–65 | 17.1–33.5 | 13.2–25.31 | 1.3–6.0 | 46 | – | 0.6–9 | 50–400 | 4–18 |
Sugar palm [23] | 43.8–44.5 | 8.9–10.0 | 39.5–41.9 | 0.9–1.3 | – | – | 3.9–4.3 | 211–233 | 15.8–20.6 |
Piassava palm [20] | 31.6 | – | 48.4 | – | – | – | 2.6 ± 0.4 | 131.1 ± 27.1 | 11.9 ± 4.3 |
Coir [35] | 34.3–53.6 | 29.1–22.3 | 24–36.4 | – | – | 37.1–39 | 4.8–18 | 94.3–119.8 | 5.5–6.3 |
Flax [24] | 72.6 | 8.7 | 3.2 | – | 4.5 | – | 20.8 | 520 | 1.9 |
Jute [24] | 46.2 | 12.5 | 15.4 | – | 8 | – | 24.6 | 390 | 1.5 |
Sisal [24] | 45.3 | 20.4 | 15.1 | – | 20 | – | 18.7 | 400 | 2.7 |