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Official Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society

Table 3 Comparison of nanoindentation properties of windmill palm fiber with other natural fibers

From: Structural, chemical, and multi-scale mechanical characterization of waste windmill palm fiber (Trachycarpus fortunei)

Natural fibers

Nanoindentation modulus (GPa)

Nanoindentation hardness (GPa)

Windmill palm (this study)

Inner layer

13.2 ± 1.3

0.50 ± 0.04

Middle layer

8.9 ± 0.8

0.37 ± 0.04

Outer layer

8.5 ± 0.9

0.36 ± 0.03

Windmill palm [11]

7.6 ± 4.0

0.13 ± 0.02

Date palm [21]

14.3–15.8

0.47–0.53

Crops (cotton stalk, cassava stalk, soybean stalk, rice straw, hemp stalk) [36]

12.3–20.8

0.41–0.85

Hardwood (poplar, iroko, alder birch, Manchurian ash, Asian white birch, red oak, white oak, Mongolian oak, kwila, keranji) [37]

16.9–24.6

0.44–0.56

Softwood (loblolly pine, spruce) [36]

14.2–18

0.34–0.53