Official Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society
Natural fibers | Nanoindentation modulus (GPa) | Nanoindentation hardness (GPa) |
---|---|---|
Windmill palm (this study) | ||
Inner layer | 13.2 ± 1.3 | 0.50 ± 0.04 |
Middle layer | 8.9 ± 0.8 | 0.37 ± 0.04 |
Outer layer | 8.5 ± 0.9 | 0.36 ± 0.03 |
Windmill palm [11] | 7.6 ± 4.0 | 0.13 ± 0.02 |
Date palm [21] | 14.3–15.8 | 0.47–0.53 |
Crops (cotton stalk, cassava stalk, soybean stalk, rice straw, hemp stalk) [36] | 12.3–20.8 | 0.41–0.85 |
Hardwood (poplar, iroko, alder birch, Manchurian ash, Asian white birch, red oak, white oak, Mongolian oak, kwila, keranji) [37] | 16.9–24.6 | 0.44–0.56 |
Softwood (loblolly pine, spruce) [36] | 14.2–18 | 0.34–0.53 |