Fig. 2
From: Flexural anisotropy of rift-sawn softwood boards induced by the end-grain orientation
Procedure for obtaining replica images and measuring tracheid deformation. a Softening of polyethylene film on a glass slide using a heating block. b Duplication of the surface of the specimen by pressing the film on the transverse plane. c Observation and capture of replica images using an optical microscope. d Flexural displacement to observe cell deformation. e To assess the cell deformation in the compression and tension parts in d, we measured the ratio of the tangential to radial diameter (T/R) and the diagonal ratio