Physiological and psychological responses to olfactory simulation by Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides) essential oil and the influence of cognitive bias

Yu, Chia-Pin; Weng, Wei-Chieh; Ramanpong, Jittakon; Wu, Chih-Da; Tsai, Ming-Jer; Spengler, John D.

doi:10.1186/s10086-022-02021-w

Journal of Wood Science

Official Journal of the Japan Wood Research Society

Table 6 Results of semantic differential scale response changes between two groups of interventions

From: Physiological and psychological responses to olfactory simulation by Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomerioides) essential oil and the influence of cognitive bias

Physiological changes	Group	N	Mean ± SD	Change (%)	t	p
△Artificial/natural	Non-hinted	18	− 1.28 ± 2.35	− 28.07	− 1.986	0.054
△Artificial/natural	Hinted	21	0.10 ± 1.97	1.87	− 1.986	0.054
△Rough/delicate	Non-hinted	18	− 0.278 ± 1.49	− 6.22	− 0.835	0.409
△Rough/delicate	Hinted	21	0.19 ± 1.94	4.03	− 0.835	0.409
△Non-woody/woody	Non-hinted	18	0.44 ± 2.43	11.64	− 0.352	0.727
△Non-woody/woody	Hinted	21	0.71 ± 2.35	15.85	− 0.352	0.727
△Depressing/cheerful	Non-hinted	18	− 0.11 ± 2.08	− 2.44	− 0.680	0.501
△Depressing/cheerful	Hinted	21	0.29 ± 1.55	5.59	− 0.680	0.501
△Unstimulating/stimulating	Non-hinted	18	1.72 ± 1.93	68.80	0.599	0.553
△Unstimulating/stimulating	Hinted	21	1.38 ± 1.63	54.76	0.599	0.553
△Unrefreshing/refreshing	Non-hinted	18	− 1.00 ± 2.14	− 20.45	− 1.379	0.176
△Unrefreshing/refreshing	Hinted	21	− 0.14 ± 1.74	− 2.84	− 1.379	0.176
△Urban/rural	Non-hinted	18	0.00 ± 1.50	0.00	− 0.656	0.516
△Urban/rural	Hinted	21	0.33 ± 1.65	7.07	− 0.656	0.516
△Unexciting/exciting	Non-hinted	18	0.33 ± 1.24	8.63	− 1.174	0.248
△Unexciting/exciting	Hinted	21	0.76 ± 1.04	18.54	− 1.174	0.248
△Soft/firm	Non-hinted	18	0.67 ± 1.71	18.01	− 1.251	0.19
△Soft/firm	Hinted	21	1.38 ± 1.83	48.25	− 1.251	0.19
△Ordinary/distinctive	Non-hinted	18	2.17 ± 1.72	65.17	1.022	0.313
△Ordinary/distinctive	Hinted	21	1.57 ± 1.89	40.51	1.022	0.313
△Passive/active	Non-hinted	18	0.50 ± 0.99	12.17	− 0.745	0.461
△Passive/active	Hinted	21	0.76 ± 1.18	18.54	− 0.745	0.461
△Disliked/liked	Non-hinted	18	− 0.56 ± 1.42	− 11.65	− 0.774	0.444
△Disliked/liked	Hinted	21	− 0.19 ± 1.50	− 3.59	− 0.774	0.444
△Unpleasant/pleasant	Non-hinted	18	− 1.39 ± 1.42	− 26.63	− 2.968	0.005**
△Unpleasant/pleasant	Hinted	21	− 0.05 ± 1.40	− 0.92	− 2.968	0.005**
△Tense/relax	Non-hinted	18	− 0.33 ± 1.28	− 7.28	− 0.594	0.556
△Tense/relax	Hinted	21	− 0.05 ± 1.66	− 0.92	− 0.594	0.556
△Bland/dense	Non-hinted	18	2.06 ± 2.31	73.74	− 0.188	0.852
△Bland/dense	Hinted	21	2.19 ± 2.16	90.12	− 0.188	0.852

Δ = posttest − pretest; **p < 0.01

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