Fig. 1From: Revisiting the condensation reaction of lignin in alkaline pulping with quantitativity part III: predominant formation of α-β-type over α-5-type condensation product in soda cooking treatments of apocynol and creosolCondensation reactions of lignin proposed by Gierer et al. [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9] The chemical species enclosed by the solid and dotted circles are nucleophiles and electrophiles, respectively. The square shows the carbon numbering of a lignin unit in lignin chemistryBack to article page